See druggen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "drudge"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drug"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "droog"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "drug"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "",
"4": "*dryċġan"
},
"expansion": "Old English *dryċġan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*druggjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *druggjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*drugjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drugjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "Dryċġhelm"
},
"expansion": "Old English Dryċġhelm",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreuganą",
"id": "to serve",
"t": "to serve"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to serve”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; perhaps from Old English *dryċġan, from Proto-West Germanic *druggjan, from Proto-Germanic *drugjaną, a denominative built to a lost noun *drugjaz (preserved in Old English Dryċġhelm), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-; compare Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to serve”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "druggeth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "druggende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "druggynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "druggen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to druggen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "druggede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "druggest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "druggedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "druggeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "druggede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "druggede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "druggen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "druggeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "druggede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "druggeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "druggynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "druggende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ydrugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "druggen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "drugg"
},
"expansion": "druggen (third-person singular simple present druggeth, present participle druggende, druggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle drugged)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "drugg"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To drudge; to perform menial labour."
],
"id": "en-druggen-enm-verb-nrMg2b73",
"links": [
[
"drudge",
"drudge"
],
[
"perform",
"perform"
],
[
"menial",
"menial"
],
[
"labour",
"labour"
],
[
"MED Online",
"w:Middle English Dictionary"
],
[
"University of Michigan",
"w:University of Michigan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To drudge; to perform menial labour."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdrud͡ʒən/"
}
],
"word": "druggen"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "drudge"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "drug"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "droog"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "drug"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "",
"4": "*dryċġan"
},
"expansion": "Old English *dryċġan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*druggjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *druggjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*drugjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drugjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "Dryċġhelm"
},
"expansion": "Old English Dryċġhelm",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreuganą",
"id": "to serve",
"t": "to serve"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to serve”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; perhaps from Old English *dryċġan, from Proto-West Germanic *druggjan, from Proto-Germanic *drugjaną, a denominative built to a lost noun *drugjaz (preserved in Old English Dryċġhelm), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-; compare Proto-Germanic *dreuganą (“to serve”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "druggeth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "druggende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "druggynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "druggen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to druggen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "druggede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "druggest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "druggedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "druggeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "druggede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "druggede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "druggen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "druggeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "druggede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "druggeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "druggynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "druggende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ydrugged",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "drugge",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "druggen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "drugg"
},
"expansion": "druggen (third-person singular simple present druggeth, present participle druggende, druggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle drugged)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "drugg"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English rare terms",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with unknown etymologies",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"To drudge; to perform menial labour."
],
"links": [
[
"drudge",
"drudge"
],
[
"perform",
"perform"
],
[
"menial",
"menial"
],
[
"labour",
"labour"
],
[
"MED Online",
"w:Middle English Dictionary"
],
[
"University of Michigan",
"w:University of Michigan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To drudge; to perform menial labour."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdrud͡ʒən/"
}
],
"word": "druggen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for druggen meaning in Middle English (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.